• The CLC proteins in Arabidopsis have

  2019-12-18

  

  The CLC proteins in Arabidopsis have been studied in some detail, and a total of seven genes (named AtCLCa-AtCLCg) have been identified (Lv et al., 2009). It is interesting that AtCLCa-AtCLCd and AtCLCg define a distinct phylogenetic branch that is closely related to eukaryotic CLCs, while the other

• br Acknowledgements br Introduction Supramolecular collagen

  2019-12-18

  

  Acknowledgements Introduction Supramolecular collagen assemblies are crucial for the mechanical stability of animal bodies (Myllyharju and Kivirikko, 2004). The basic collagen structure is a triple helix of three chains containing multiple Gly-X-X\' repeats; X and X\' are often proline and 4-h

• br Genes involved in oxysterol metabolism

  2019-12-18

  

  Genes involved in oxysterol metabolism The main enzymes that participate in the metabolism of oxysterols generally belong into one of two groups: transferases or oxidoreductases [22]. The following chapter describes those genes of oxysterol metabolism whose polymorphisms have been associated with

• The p controls transcription of several genes that affect

  2019-12-18

  

  The p53 controls transcription of several genes that affect the release of cytochrome c in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway [44]. In addition, p53 can induce a transcription-independent apoptosis through a direct interaction with the Bcl-2 family proteins [45]. However, the role of mitochondrial

• C598-0466 Perturbations in cell cycle are known to induce

  2019-12-18

  

  Perturbations in C598-0466 are known to induce apoptosis. Our results show that a fraction of the DT40YB-1b+/− cells, in addition to becoming tetraploids, undergo apoptotic cell death. Similar observations linking polyploidy and apoptosis have been made in the past [23], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34

• In modern science and technology many optimization

  2019-12-18

  

  In modern science and technology, many optimization problems need to be solved in real time, while these classical methods cannot render real-time solutions to these optimization problems, especially large-scale problems. As a new metaheuristic, particle swarm optimization (PSO) [18], [19] has prove

• As illustrated in Table monocyclic acid analogs were synthes

  2019-12-18

  

  As illustrated in Table 3, monocyclic BI-D1870 analogs were synthesized and evaluated. 2-Oxido-3H-1,2,3,5-oxathiadiazol analog 8 showed 15-fold less potent EP1 receptor affinity relative to 2b, while it showed 2.2-fold more potent antagonist activity. Oxadiazole-5-one analog 9 exhibited nearly equi

• The acid base properties of the IL

  2019-12-18

  

  3. The acid-base properties of the IL are important issues to consider because protonation changes caused by Brønsted-acidic or basic ions may result in enzyme deactivation [29]. Thereby, the acid-base properties of the newly designed IL need proper control for enzymes by selection of appropriate ca

• br Significance Our understanding of the

  2019-12-18

  

  Significance Our understanding of the ubiquitin biology has been rapidly expanding. The role of the ubiquitin system in the pathogenesis of numerous disease states has increased the interest in finding new strategies to pharmacologically interfere with the enzymes responsible of the ubiquitinatio

• Similarly synthetic analogs of Alogliptin by replacing the c

  2019-12-18

  

  Similarly synthetic analogs of Alogliptin by replacing the cyanobenzyl group with the butynyl group have been synthesized and tested as selective DPP-4 inhibitors [7], [8]. Additionally, quinazolines [9], [10], pyridopyrimidinediones [11], pyrazolopyrimidinones [12] and pyrimidines [13] as DPP-IV in

• Two nutrient sensing pathways the cAMP protein

  2019-12-17

  

  Two nutrient-sensing pathways, the cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) pathway and the target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) pathway, are implicated in Msn2/4 regulation. Under non-stress conditions, Msn2 localizes in the cytoplasm and is inactivated by both PKA-dependent phosphorylation of the nuclear loca

• br Methods br Results IAA abrogated

  2019-12-17

  

  Methods Results IAA-94 abrogated the protective effects of IPC as it increased myocardial infarction (MI) due to IR injury in vitro (Diaz et al., 1999), and also prevented cyclosporine A mediated cardioprotection (Diaz et al., 2013). Moreover, IAA-94-sensitive currents were observed in cardiac

• br Introduction Receptor tyrosine kinases RTKs

  2019-12-17

  

  Introduction Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are critically involved in the development and progression of human cancers and are therefore useful targets for anti-cancer therapies [1]. The Eph receptors represent the largest subfamily of receptor protein kinases and interact with ligands called

• As mentioned above EBI and its ligand show some

  2019-12-17

  

  As mentioned above, EBI2 and its ligand show some similarities to the sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)/S1P-receptor system, which mediates T cell egress from lymph nodes. Blockade of this system yielded in the first oral drug for MS patients named fingolimod. Therefore, the hope that EBI2 deficiency wo

• In humans individual differences in prefrontal dopamine are

  2019-12-17

  

  In humans, individual differences in prefrontal dopamine are partially caused by the Val158Met single-nucleotide polymorphism on the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene (COMT). This gene controls activity of the COMT enzyme, which degrades extracellular catecholamines including dopamine. The Val varia

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